By retting the fibres they are softened and can be decorticated and extracted by beating 16, which is usually done by hand. Westfalen-Lippe. The simplest dryers are made from a simple pit, where the flax is laid on a gridiron over a small fire, which was also a big fire hazard. In the “Heidekloster Wienhausen”/ Northern Germany there are depictions of scutching on two tapestries. Aus Flachs wird Leinen. It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. Heimberger, H., 1957. A bundle of flax is placed between the upper and lower parts of the break and then struck with the upper section several times while slowly pulling the sheaf through. Ceramic analysis and radiocarbon dating gives a date of around 400 AD (Seegschneider, 2005, pp.145-146). Using this method, the flax could be extracted more easily from the bast. After hackling, washing and drying (in the shade) the fibres are loosened manually and cleaned. Flachs und Leinen. However there are no illustrations or depictions until the break becomes widespread in the Late Middle Ages. There is a photograph of a similar looking tool from Finland from 1922 (Kaukonen, 1946, p.80). Prehistoric Methods in Antler Working, Discussion: Experimental versus Experiential Archaeology, Publishing Archaeological Experiments: a Quick Guide for the Uninitiated, Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License. Die Grabung Feddersen Wierde. By ratting, the long bast fibres are separated from the non-fibre parts of the stocks. It is possible to harvest the plants while the stem is still green, which produces finer fibres, but the seeds won’t ripen. For dew retting the flax is laid out on fields; harvested stubble fields or mowed grassland are well suited to this. 6th grade . (b) Fibre from retted jute is extracted by (viii) Hands with jerks and pulls (c) Separation of fibres from jute stem (iv) Retting (d) Compressed bundles of cotton (iii) Bales (e) Cotton is collected from cotton plants by (v) Hand picking (f) Separation of cotton from seeds (ix) Ginning (g) Loose rope of cotton fibres (ii) Sliver (h) Animal fibres (e) Silk fibre is obtained from the stem of a plant. Coir fibres are found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut.The individual fibre cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of cellulose.They are pale when immature, but later become hardened and yellowed as a layer of lignin is deposited on their walls. As a result, I had to collect the information on medieval tools and manufacturing process myself. Field retting is the most practical method of hemp fiber production for farmers in the US, but little research has been done on the microbiota associated with hemp stalks during field retting, or on applied practices that improve the quality and consistency of the fiber without substantially increasing cost. Question 4. Hemp rope-making technology is also in the works at ATM, the company said. Stuttgart. Introduction. Die Reliefs des alten Reiches (2980 – 2475 . during this retting period is done by ... commonly used flax process of decortication allows the mechanical extraction of fibre from plant stems without prior retting. DRAFT. Terminologie der Hanf- und Flachskultur in den frankoprovenzialischen Mundarten. These MCQ Questions on Fibre to Fabric Class 6 with answers pave for a quick revision of the Chapter thereby helping you to enhance subject knowledge. The plants are now tied into small bundles. 10 hours ago. A., 1989. Bark was soaked in a tank of water for 9 weeks in the water retting process. This allows the … One tapestry dates to the end of the 14th / beginning of the 15th century and the second tapestry to 1480. Vom Flachs zum Leinengarn, Münster. Ciba-Rundschau Nr. Properties Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Wunderlich, W., 1996. Ravensburg. This process is used for making sweaters, woollen caps, gloves, etc. Website: EXARC.net Rheda-Wiedenbrück. 2321 KA Leiden After harvesting, it is kept submerged in water for a few days. It also brings changes in strength, stretchability, softness, dyeability & sometimes on the colour of the material. Log in, Concise Mathematics Class 10 ICSE Solutions 2018. Chr.). This method requires no tools and is impossible to determine where or if this method was used in the Middle Ages. The hemp fibres are separated by ratting, which is the process of decaying pectin that binds the hemp fibres to the core of the stem. After hand decortication the fibres were then knotted, twined and woven into fabric. The cut plants are grouped at different places in the field for few days when most of the leaves dry up and fall down. The looms are either hand operated or power operated. When the jute plant is in the flowering stage, it is harvested. Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. Die Aufbereitung von Flachs und Hanf im Spiegel behördlicher Maßnahmen 1463 – 1882. 7. Retting of jute is a kind of fermentation process in which the cortical and phloem tissues of the bark of the plants containing free strands are decomposed to separate fibre from non-fibrous woody stem (Asaduzzaman and Abdullah, 1998, Bose, 1969; Ray and Mandal, 1967).The fermentative microorganisms consume the cementing materials viz., the pectins, hemicelluloses and … Linke, W., 1982. This is a long and strenuous process, but a wonderful challenge, and there are no rules, unless you are an archaeologist trying to imitate historical methods. As yet the author has only found modern descriptions of tow processing (Siuts, 1982, p.156). (c) Jute is the outer covering of coconut. It is harvested about 100 days later. The goal of scutching is to remove the last remaining parts of the woody material from the fibrous layers. There are archaeological finds of wooden clubs from Bergen (Bryggen), that could have been used in flax processing that date back to the late medieval period, as well as finds from Novgorod (Oye, 1988, p.28; Kolchin, 1989, p.256). The cut plants are grouped at different places in the field for a few days when most of the leaves dry up and fall down. Facebook Group: AOAM, Instagram | Twitter | YouTube Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. Flax (summer flax) is an annual plant usually sown in mid-April when there are the best conditions for growing with sufficient rainfall. The next steps of processing take place in late autumn and winter. Better results are obtained by scutching the flax beforehand. Answer: Jute plants are cut at the flowering stage when plants are 8-10 feet high. In addition, my first attempt at dew retting was in October 2014 in Northern Germany, when it was probably already too cold with daytime temperatures around 16-18 degrees. Fibre to fabric DRAFT. In: Der Flachsbau - Seine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, Anbau, Gewinnung und Verwertung, Berlin. This process is called ‘retting’. Played 0 times. (ii) Spinning is the process of changing fibre into yarn. (iii) Jute plant requires warm and humid climate. Although my parents in law came from a family which had processed flax, this knowledge had not been passed down and as a result I had to learn by reading and through practical experience. Kalenderminiaturen der Stundenbücher. Scutching, as with breaking, is very exhausting work. Depending on the weather, dew retting takes approximately three to five weeks. Removing the leaves and flowers reduces the smell as they make a slimy mass when they rot. There are 13th century songs about scutching. In this process fibres from a mass of cotton wool are drawn out and twisted. What are looms? We have replicated the tools from the depiction in Wienhausen and from the find in Braunschweig. Flax is harvested when the lower third of the stem begins to turn yellowish and loses its leaves. The.dried fibres are then tied together in small bundles. For both methods of retting it is very important to end the retting at the right moment. Retting and microbial action on the plants will help dissolve the pectin and lignin that hold the fibres in the plants. The fibres were pulled off the stem by hand, starting at the root and the bast was removed from each stem individually (Gerig, 1913, p.40). Again, from House Zur Kunkel, this process is depicted and entitled as “riben” however, there is not a tool in the hands of the worker. Retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants for the production of long fibre. When looking at the depiction by Glockendon, it suggests that it could be either breaking or scutching, whereas other depictions show more likely a step in breaking. (v) Cotton is used to make clothes, bedsheets, cooking oil and artificial fibres like rayon. A fire was lit in one pit, and through a tunnel, smoke and heat were conducted into the other pit, above which the flax was placed on a grid to dry. The bundles are made to sink in stagnant water of a pond for a few days and then the gummy skin rots out to separate fibres. The author sets the step of smoothing after the hackling, which matches the depictions from the House Zur Kunkel. For water retting the flax bundles are completely immersed in ponds, rivers or other bodies of waters. The Hungarian National museum exhibited a 13th century comb excavated in the 1950s from a former medieval village. The solar baking process was found successful, energy saving, more eco-friendly and faster than conventional retting of the Agave americana leaves. The short fibres combed are called tow and can be carded by hand and spun as well. So far I have only worked on small amounts of hemp, but the process works well even though it takes longer. Darren im Gebiet zwischen Neckar und Main. While the fibres of the earlier harvests were indeed finer, they also tended to be harder to extract especially close to the tips of the stem. In lab-scale, the fibres are isolated with hand peeling. In 2017 I left the flax too long on the ground, so that the pectin in between the elementary fibres decomposed into smaller pieces. The plants are now tied into small bundles. Greater access to tools will help the experiments get closer to flax fibre extraction operations from the Middle Ages. Retting of fibres is caused by Clostridium... HOPE THIS HELPS U @MP #MAHABOOBPASHA #... 2.0 3 votes 3 votes Rate! Flax in Flanders throughout the centuries. A 13th century song from Neidhart, titled “Winterlied 8”, has a section in which the scutching of flax is mentioned (Tomasek, 1996). Unlike modern hackling were the comb is clamped into a light wooden frame, medieval depictions show women that have the hackling comb pressed against their knee. Weaving: The process of making fabric by crossing two sets of yarns over and under each other is called weaving. Nurturing fibres strive to conserve as much energy and waste during their production process. Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long and 10 to 20 μm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter. The process of making yarn from fibre is called spinning. If the temperature is too high the fibre will be damaged, which is why artificial drying was not always used. Early Egyptian wall paintings depicted this process (Schaefer, 1944, p.2264) and it was also described in writings by Pliny, the Roman scholar, but not as a preliminary step but the actual breaking process. Several methods of removing seeds have survived in recorded history. Waz hilfet ane sinne kunst?. The only change over time was the addition of extra v-shaped tracks and grooves. • Total fibre production is more compared to conventional whole plant retting, where a substantial portion of fibre is lost during retting and washing. The second method involves knocking the seed vessels out with a wooden club, such wooden tools were used in Italy and Belgium until the last century. Reach the full yield, that a good hold, the fibres to the Dyer break woody! From beech and looks like a broadsword, which crush the shives can be found strong.. 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